华北地区汽车拥有量与CO2排放量关系研究

研究了华北地区5省（市、自治区）汽车拥有量和人均CO2排放量现状.采用变异系数分析方法对汽车拥有量和入均CO2排放量各地区差异大小变化趋势进行了分析,采用一元线性回归模型对华北地区未来10年汽车拥有量和人均CO2排放趋势及其地区差异大小变化趋势进行了预测,提出了相关建议,以期为该地区乃至全国经济和环境的和谐发展提供参考.     

Public Attitudes Towards Policy Instruments for Congestion Mitigation in Shanghai

Abstract

Congestion causes many externalities for the society, including time delays, excessive fuel consumption, air pollution, noise and safety concerns. In Shanghai, various policy options have been explored, piloted or applied; however, not all of them may be understood and accepted by the public. A survey was conducted to investigate people’s attitudes towards several policy options. The main findings reveal that Shanghai residents are resistant to certain policies, such as congestion charges, higher parking charges in congested areas and car restrictions. Instead, they favor public transport provisions. The paper suggests that there is a case for promoting public transport and more efficient trips when the car ownership is still low, and for investing in a policy of educating the public on the ‘true’ costs and causes of congestion before embarking on an intensive policy of congestion charges or restrictions.     

株洲市某交通干道夏季细颗粒物分布特征及相关因素

2014年夏季采用扫描电迁移率粒径谱仪,选取株洲市某交通干道附近,对其环境细颗粒物进行连续测量,并统计干道的车流量。实验结果表明:环境中的细颗粒物数浓度呈双峰分布,峰值一般出现在9.47~17.5、98.2~121.9 nm粒径段,晴天和雨天不同粒径段的细颗粒物数浓度的波动性不一致,降水过程对细颗粒有一定的去除作用。结合所观测的机动车流量和所排放的细颗粒物粒径谱,分析其与细颗粒物浓度之间的关系,可初步判断该环境中爱根核模态的细颗粒物来源于机动车排放。     

基于PEMS试验的混合动力轿车与传统汽油轿车的排放对比研究

利用车载测试系统(PEMS),对混合动力轿车及传统汽油轿车进行城市典型道路工况下的排放测试试验,对比分析试验车辆速度和比功率区间下的排放特性。试验结果表明,混合动力轿车CO、HC和NOx排放速率及其排放因子呈现相似的变化规律,车速低于20 km/h时,发动机处于关闭状态尾气排放为零;低于50 km/h时,发动机排气温度过低,三元催化器不工作,排放速率及排放因子随车速的升高而显著增大;车速达到50~55 km/h后,三元催化器开始工作,污染物浓度急剧下降;传统车与混动动力车的3种污染物的排放速率随VSP的变化规律相似;混合动力轿车CO、HC和NOx的平均排放因子相比传统汽油轿车有明显的优势,分别为传统汽油车的23.3%、2.92%和66.9%。     

基于速度特征指标的高速公路线形一致性综合评价

为量化评价已建和拟建高速公路交通安全性,以实测运行车速数据和事故率数据为基础,根据公路空间属性的变化,采用不定长法进行路段划分。考虑不同路段车速协调性和连续性的需求,引入客货差极差比、车速降低系数、路段车速离散度等车速特征指标。通过对运行车速特征指标与事故率的相关性分析,采用多元回归的方法建立了高速公路线形设计一致性综合评价模型,同时结合事故多发点改善效果的显著性,确定我国高速公路安全性服务水平,在此基础上提出线形设计一致性评价标准和评价方法。太旧高速公路的实例应用结果表明,该方法可准确有效地评价线形设计一致性。     

小型乘用车内直链烃和芳香烃污染特征研究

文章依托美国EPA TO-15建立的罐采样-GC/MS测定环境空气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的方法,对重庆市在售的国产/进口各类小型乘用车内空气VOCs进行测定。分析结果表明,车内空气均存在不同程度的污染,TVOC浓度范围在0.20~50.80 mg/m3之间,均值为5.42mg/m3,约75%新车TVOC浓度大于5 mg/m3。检测出烷烃和烯烃等直链烃15种,芳香烃13种,并且芳香烃浓度明显高于烷烃和烯烃。在直链烃中,四氯乙烯及二氯甲烷的浓度最高,均值为0.235 mg/m3和0.208 mg/m3,芳香烃以甲苯居多,均值为0.58 mg/m3。80%以上的新车含有二氯甲烷、二氯乙烯、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、三甲苯及苯乙烯等污染物。     

管内普速旅客列车餐车食品经营现状与对策

对管内56个餐车班组2018—2019年食品安全状况进行调查与分析,结果显示贮存运输、设施设备、后厨卫生3个方面的问题较为突出,提示卫生监督部门应重点加强普速列车餐车的专业指导及监督检查。从规范餐车食品经营、强化岗前食品安全知识培训、严格餐车外包经营资格准入及加强餐车食品安全日常管理等方面提出加强普速旅客列车餐车食品经营安全的对策建议。     

Ride-hailing with kids: Who’s got their back?

Introduction: As transportation network companies (TNC) are on the rise, assessing the safety of children traveling in these vehicles is imperative. For this reason, this study developed and adopted a scoring system to assess states’ safety standards for children traveling in TNC vehicles. Methods: The scoring was based on two parameters pertaining to child car seat laws for TNCs: clarity and stringency. For each parameter, three criteria that could impact child safety in TNC vehicles were formulated. If a state met a certain criterion it got 1 point and 0 otherwise. The authors gathered all the necessary information by reviewing state statutes in Nexus Uni, a legal research database. These reviews took place between December 2019 and October 2020, and this study evaluated state laws in effect on October 28, 2020. Results: During this assessment, the authors observed a lack of clarity in state child car seat laws, which could compromise safety of children traveling in TNC vehicles. For clarity of laws, Georgia and Indiana received the highest scores (3 out of 3 points), while 16 states scored only 1 point, which was the lowest score in this category. In terms of stringency of laws, Pennsylvania received the highest score (3 out of 3 points), while Indiana scored the least (0 points). Conclusions: Besides one state (Oregon), all other states defined TNCs in their state laws. All states except for Indiana and Washington required child car seats in TNC vehicles. The responsibility for child car seat use was clearly defined in 35 states. The fine for child car seat violation was $50 or more in 28 states. Practical Application: This study will help TNCs, policymakers, and stakeholders identify states that need to improve their standards for child safety in TNC vehicles, and comprehensively address the issue.     

MTBE in California's Drinking Water: A Comparison of Groundwater Versus Surface Water Sources

During the last decade, the fuel oxygenate methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) has received widespread attention as a potential threat to water quality, primarily due to leaking underground gasoline storage tanks and watercraft with two-stroke engines. In this article, we examine the annual detection frequency, number of new source detections, and concentration of MTBE detected in California's public drinking water groundwater and surface water sources from 1995 to 2002. This work builds on our previous evaluations of California's water quality monitoring database. However, it is unique in that it includes separate evaluations for groundwater and surface water sources that are of greatest concern to regulators, and which are likely being used for current public consumption. Our evaluations also include full-year data for 2002 (which have not been published previously) and an analysis of how the sampling and reported detections of MTBE vary by geographic location. We find that MTBE was generally detected (at any level) in approximately 0.5-0.9% and 0.2-0.4% of all groundwater sources assuming a one-detection and two-detection criterion, respectively. The overall detection frequency for MTBE in surface water sources is significantly higher than for groundwater sources, although these surface water detections appear to have substantially declined since 1996 (e.g., 7-9% for all surface water sources during 1996 to 1999 and 4% for all surface water sources during 2000 to 2002, assuming a one-detection criterion). The detection frequency of MTBE concentrations at or above the state drinking water standards in all drinking water sources (both groundwater and surface water sources) and the subset of drinking water sources that are likely to currently be delivered to consumers is markedly lower (and often zero). Despite the significant increase in water sampling over time, the number of new drinking water sources found to contain MTBE in California has not increased at the same rate and appears to have remained relatively stable or to have decreased since 1998. The data also show that nearly all of the 58 counties in California have routinely sampled at least some of their groundwater and surface water sources for MTBE over the last 8 years. Geographical evaluations show that MTBE has been detected (at least once) in groundwater sources in 34 counties and in surface water sources in 18 counties but has only been detected routinely (i.e., for 3 or more years) in 16 and 7 counties, respectively. Detected concentrations of MTBE are also generally below state drinking water standards, particularly for surface water sources. In short: (1) MTBE is rarely found in California groundwater or surface water sources that are of greatest concern to regulators or the public, and (2) drinking water detections of MTBE are expected to decline in the future due to the pending phase-out of MTBE and recent regulatory programs aimed at controlling gasoline releases from underground storage tanks and two-stroke-engine watercraft.     

Public Attitudes Towards Policy Instruments for Congestion Mitigation in Shanghai

Congestion causes many externalities for the society, including time delays, excessive fuel consumption, air pollution, noise and safety concerns. In Shanghai, various policy options have been explored, piloted or applied; however, not all of them may be understood and accepted by the public. A survey was conducted to investigate people＇s attitudes towards several policy options. The main findings reveal that Shanghai residents are resistant to certain policies, such as congestion charges, higher parking charges in congested areas and car restrictions. Instead, they favor public transport provisions. The paper suggests that there is a case for promoting public transport and more efficient trips when the car ownership is still low, and for investing in a policy of educating the public on the ＇true＇ costs and causes of congestion before embarking on ,an intensive policy of congestion charges or restrictions.